Indus Valley Civilization.

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Introduction: Indus valley civilization is also known as Harrappan civilization.It was an urban civilization Only 6 Major cities Mohanjadaro,Harrapa,Ganiwarala,Dholavira,Rakhigarhi and khalibangan have been named as big cities among the sites found in this civilization.The Indus valley civilization was one of the major civilizations of ancient river valley of civilizations of the world.
Determination of indus valley civilization: According to new analysis method carbon c-14.The date of indus civilization is 2400BC to 1700BC has been considered. Discoverer of indus Civilization: Rai Bahadur Sahani. Mohanjadaro: Mohanjadaro was excavated by Rahkhaldas benerjee in the year 1922. The oldest city of India was Mohanjadaro.In Sindhi language it means mound of dead.It is located lakarkhana district of Sindh province pakistan.Mohanjadaro is situated on the banks of Indus river.The granary obtained from mohanjodaro probably the largest building of indus civilization .The great bath from mohanjadaro is a major component in the centre which bathing pool is 11.88meters long,7.01 meters wide and 2.43 meters deep.A idol of three faced diety (pashupathi nath) has been found on a sheil obtained from mohenjodaro.ELephant,Rhinocerous,cheetah and buffalo are seated around them.A bronze statue of a dancer has been found from Mohanjadaro.In Mohanjadaro there was a custom to burn deadbodies. Harrappa: Harrapa was excavated by Dayaram Sahani and assistant Madhuswaroop vatsa in the year 1921.It is located in montegmary district of pakistan.Harrapa was situated on the banks of river ravi.After independance most sites of harrapan culture have been discovered in Gujarat.A maximum number of horned animal is found on harrappan seals.The swasthika symbol is found from this civilisation.Sun worship is estimated from this sign. The practice of burial dead bodies existed in harrapa.Probably the rule of harrapan culture was in the hands of merchant class. Kalibangan Kalibangan was excavated in 1953 by B.B.Lal and It was done by Thapar.This place is situated on the banks of ghaggar river hanumangarh district of rajasthan.kalibangan means black colored bangles kalibangan was the only harrappan site (for the common people)was also surrounded by forts.Their is a evidence of plowing the fields of harappan levels and the practice of fire worship before kalibangan.Kalibangan was the only harrappan site whose lower town (for the common people) was also surrounded by forts.The fire pit has also been recieved from here.The bones of Indhwa period horse have been found from kalibangan. Chanhodaro Chanhodaro was discovered by gopal majumdharin 1931A.D.This site is situated on the banks of Indus River in Sindhu river province (pakistan).This is the only site from where curved bricks have been found.Evidence of dog chasing cat has been found.Lipstick was used as decoration.Bead making factories have been found in chahondaro.This site is situated on the banks of indus river in sindh province(pakistan).Bead making factories have been found in chanhudaro. Kotadiji It was excavated in the year 1955 by Fazal Ahmad.It is situated in the banks of river of indus river in khairapur palace of sindh province.Evidence of the first use of silver has been found from here.A specimen of reindeer has been found from here. Rangpur Rangpur was excavated by Ranganad Rao in 1953-56 A.D.It was situated banks of madar river in the kathiawar distrcit of gujarat.A fort made of raw bricks has been found here.Rice grain have been found from rangpur.which gives evidence of paddy cultivation. Ropar It was excavated by yagyadutt sharma in 1953-1956 AD.The site is excavated on the banks of river sutlej in ropar district of punjab.Evidence of ropar axe a graveyard of man and dog etc.has been found here. Lothal Lothal is discovered by ranganath rao in 1955 AD to 1962 AD.This place is situated on the bhogwa river in ahmedabad district Gujarat.Lothal was a port of Indus valley civilisation. Rice grains have been found from lohthal which gives paddy the evidence of paddy cutivation.The first evidence of rice has been recieed from lothal itself. Alamgirpur It was excavated by yagyadutt sharma in the year 1958.This site is situated in the hindon river in meerut district of uttar pradesh. Rakhigarhi It's excavation was done by amarendranath in the year 1997.This site is situated near saraswati and duhadwati rivers hisar district of haryana state.This site is situated near saraswati and duhadwati rivers hisar district of haryana state.
SIndhugati Sabyatha A Indus valley civiliazation can be stored in Pre-historic or Bronze age.The main habitants of of this civilization were the dravidians and mediterians.Indus valley civilization was an urban civilization.The script of indus civilisation is metamorphical.The script was written from right to left.The people of indus valley civilization adopted the grid method for the arrangement of cities and houses.Wheat and barley were the main crops of Indus valley civilization.The people of indus valley civilization adopted grid method for the arrangement of cities and houses.Wheat and Barley were the main crops in the indus civilization.The saindhavas used honey for the sweetness.The people of indus civilization used two wheeled and four wheeled bullock cart or buffalo cart for transportation.The word meluha mentioned in the inscriptions of mespotamia refers to the indus valley civilization itself.pigget has called harrappa and mohanjadaro the twin capitals of a vast empire.The people of Indus valley civilisation used to worship as earth as the goddess of fertility.Evidence of practice of tree worship and shiva worship also comes from the indus civilisation.Sun worship is estimated from swastika symbol found from the harappan civilization.The remains of any temple have not been found in indus valley civilization.The worship of mother godess was most prevalent in indus valley civilisation.The humpback bull among the animals was especially revered by the people of this civilization.Due to abundance of idols of woman made of clay , it is estimated that the sandhav society was matriarchial.Floods was the mainprobably the most effective cause of destruction of indus valley civilization.Clay backed in the fire was called terracota.

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